A Beginners’s Guide to Rugby Union: Match officials.
Netball Umpiring Tips: A finger whistle is easy to handle. But, any pea whistle is fine for netball umpiring. All players and assistant officials must hear the blast. It is most effective when combined with clear netball umpiring hand signals. Netball Umpiring Tips for Whistle Use. Used to start the game and restart after each quarter.

FIFA Futsal Laws of the Game. The referees must give the signals listed below, bearing in mind that there are signals that only one of the referees must make and one signal that both referees must make at the same time. The assistant referees must give the signals for a time-out and the fifth accumulated foul. Signals by only one of the referees. Signal by both referees on restarting play.

An advantage of the use of observational data is the high external validity, making the results easily interpretable and applicable in the real world. While our approach is novel and the study presents the first empirically based analysis of netball officiating behaviour we cannot infer causality from the findings. In future, controlled.

You cannot shorten the minimum distance of 91.44 cm by arm extending or jumping to intercept the ball. This ruling is 'obstruction advantage' in netball terminology. Double marking in netball, or obstructing a player with the ball, results in an obstruction penalty pass awarded to the opposing team.

THE obstruction rule has become too “black and white” and that “common sense” is lacking in the decision making process. That is the opinion of former referees boss Bill Harrigan when.

Obstruction. Netball players with extended arms must defend and intercept the ball no closer than 0.9 meters (3ft) to the nearest opposer. The minimum distance is calculated from the first landing foot of the carrier or attacker to the defender’s nearest foot. Obstruction advantage which shortens the 91.44 cm distance is not allowed by arm extensions or jumping to intercept the ball.

Pivoting in netball. The pivoting action is a swivel movement that allows the player to move on a fixed axis to either pass or shoot. Stage one. Run towards the ball and jump by extending the legs.